Quotes
Selection of Publications of Hospital or nosocomial Infections.
MedicCleanAir ® and nosocomial infections through airborne
contaminants
Nosocomial infection as the cause of death.
Gesundheitswesen 1994 Mar;56(3):122-5. Zastrow KD, Schoneberg,
Institut für Sozialmedizin und Epidemiologie, Bundesgesundheitsamtes
Berlin.
Summary Quote
'Hospital-acquired infections are a worldwide problem especially
in hospitals for the treatment of acute cases. These infections
are among the leading causes of death. Certificates of death of
4,656 patients who died in hospitals were analysed. Of these,
564 deaths were caused by nosocomila infections (12.1 %). It was
estimated that annually ariound 40,000 deaths in the Federal republic
of Germany are attributable to infections acquired in the hospital.'
Werner Schell (05/99).
Summary Quote
Krankenhausinfektionen können bis zu 8 % der Patienten
betreffen. In der Bundesrepublik Deutschland werden 700.000-900.000
infizierte Patienten im Jahr angegeben. Durchschnittlich erfordern.
Krankenhausinfektionen 10 Tage zusätzlichen Krankenhausaufenthalt.......
Die Jährlichen Todesfälle werden in unterschiedlicher
Höhe geschätzt (mindestens ca. 40.000)'
A survey of nosocomial infections and their influence on hospital mortality rates.
Dinkel RH, Lebok U, Otto-Friedrich-Universität Bamberg
Journal of Hospital Infections 1994;(4):297-304
Summary Quote
Nosocomial infections play an important role
in contributing to hospital mortality.'
Hospital infections and their consequences in patients of advanced age.
Dinkel RH, Lebok U., Otto-Friedrich-Universität Bamberg.
Gesundheitswesen 1994 Mar;56(3):126-31
Summary Quote
'Using realistic assumptions on incidence
and mortality and on possible degrees of infection the number
of 'preventable deaths' due to nosocomial infections are calculated.
For 1990 the results sum up to more than 6.000 deaths at ages
above 60 alone for the Federal Republic of Germany within its
former borders.'
Influence of nosocomial infection on mortality rate in an
intensive care unit.
Crit. Care Med. 1994 Jan;22(1):55-60
Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Granada Hospital,
Spain.
Summary Quote
'Mortality risk was 2.48 times higher in patients with a nosocomial
infection than in noninfectedpatients. Nosocomial infection increases
the risk of death.'
Noscomial infection surveillance in a vascular surgery unit.
Ann Vasc Surg 1990 Nov;4(6):553-7
Laboratoire d'Epidemiologie, Hopital Purpan, Toulouse, France.
Summary Quote
'In infected patients the hospitalization time was increased
by 11 days and that antibiotics were used four times as often.
Nosocomial infections prolonged hospitalization by 57 %.'
Nosocomial pneumonia and mortality among patients in intensive
care units.
JAMA 1996 Mar20;275(11):866-9
Service de Reanimation Medicale, Hopital Bichat, Paris, France
Summary Quote
Results: nosocomial pneumonia developed in 328 patients (16.6%)
whose mortality was 52.4 % compared with 22.4% for patients without
ICU-acquired pneumonia.
Conclusion:these data suggest that, in addition to the severity
of underlying medical conditions and nosocomial bacteremia, nosocomial
pneumonia independently contributes to ICU-patient mortality.'
Impact of hospital infection on medical expenditures in a
continuing care and rehabilitation service at a geriatric hospital.
Pathol Biol (Paris) 1998 Jun;46(6):398-402
United'Hygiene Hospitaliere, Groupe Hospitalier Charles Foix-Jean
Rostand, Ivry-sur-Seine, France
Summary Quote
Nosocomial infections are associated with an increased pharmaceutical
dispensing: medication (mainly antibiotics) and medical device's
cost; and an increased nurse's workload.'
Status of public health in hospitals in France.
Zentralbl. Hyg. Umweltmed 1996 Dec;199(2-4):156-67 Assistance-Publique-Hopitaux
de Paris
Summary Quote
Nosocomial prevalence rates are between 6 and 16 %.
Prevention of nosocomial infections is now considered by French
Health Authorities and health care providers as a public health
priority giving their frequency, morbidity and mortality rates,
and costs.'
Prolongation of hospital stay and extra costs due to hospital
acquired infection in a neonatal unit.
Journal of Hospital Infection 1997 Jan;35(1):37-45
Public Health unit, hopital Robert Debre, Paris, France
Summary Quote
Among a cohort of 616 neonates, 34 (5.5%) had one or more hospital
acquired infections.
The mean extra cost per infected case was 52,192 FF (US$10,440)
corresponding to 5.2 extra days in hospital.'
Fever in the ICU.
Chest 2000 Mar;117(3):855-69
Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Critical Care, Washington
Hospital Center, Washington, DC 20010-2975, USA.
Summary Quote
Fever is a common problem in ICU patients. The presence of
fever frequently results in the performance of diagnostic tests
and procedures that significantly increase medical costs and expose
the patient to unnecessary invasive diagnostic procedures and
the inappropriate use of antibiotics. ICU patients frequently
have multiple infectuous and noninfectuous causes of fever, necessitating
a systematic and comprehensive diagnostic approach. Pneumonia,
sinusitis, and blood stream infections are the most common infectious
causes of fever.'
Nosocomial bloodstream infection in critically ill patients.
Excess length of stay, extra costs, and attributable mortality.
JAMA 1994 May 25;271(20):1598-601
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals
and Clinics, Iowa City.
Summary Quote
OBJECTIVE. To determine the excess length of stay, extra costs,
and mortality attributable to nosocomial bloodstream infection
in critically ill patients. Extra costs attributable to the infection
averaged $40,000 per survivor. The attributable mortality from
nosocomial bloodstream infection is high in critically ill patients.
The infection is associated with a doubling of the SICU stay,
an excess length of hospital stay of 24 days in survivors, and
a significant economic burden.'
Economic consequences of hospital infections in a 1,000-bed
university hospital in Norway.
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1998 Oct;19(10):805-7
Clinic of Preventive Medicine, Department of Hospital Infections,
Ulleval University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
Summary Quote
Hospital infections were studied among 41,000
patients admitted to a 1,000-bed university hospital in Oslo,
Norway. A prevalence rate of 8.5% in 1995 contributed to 14,500
days of extra stay in the hospital. The direct economic consequences
of hospital infections was 40 to 50 million Norwegian kroner ($6-$7
million). The extra direct cost per infected patient was 14,300
Norwegian kroner ($2,200). Hospital infections are generating
high extra costs and morbidity in countries with good general
health care and with few problems with resistant bacteria.
Nosocomial infections in Ulleval hospital. Occurrence and
economic consequences.
Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 1996 Oct 10;116(24):2903-7
Seksjon for sygehushygiene Klinikk for forebyggende medisin Ulleval
sykehus, Oslo.
Summary Quote: 'The present study concerns the prevalence, extra days in hospital, and direct extra costs of hospital infections in patients admitted to Ulleval University Hospital; a hospital with 1,000 beds in Oslo, Norway. Extra stay was calculated as mean of four extra days per patient or the extra stay connected with the different types of infection. Cost was determined as cost per day per patient in the different clinical departments, including all supportive services. Cost was also determined from the hospital's DRG-index (Diagnosis-Related Groups). A prevalence rate of 8.5% contributed in 1995 to 14,410 extra days in hospital, corrigated for the type of hospital infection. Calculated using a mean of four extra days per patient the figure was 14,000 extra days. In 1995, the direct economic consequence for the hospital was NOK 40-50 million (6-8 mill. US dollars).'
Hospital infections. Extended hospital queues and unnecessary
costs of the health services.
Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 1992 Jan 30;112(3):368-70
Mikrobiologisk avdeling, Regionsykehuset i Tromso.
Summary Quote
Norway the prevalence of nosocomial infections
is 5-20%; more than 50,000 patients per year. The consequences
may be serious for the individual patient and his family, a serious
problem for the hospital department concerned and a burden on
the Norwegian health services. Nosocomial infections can be treated
by antimicrobial drugs which generate selective pressure towards
more resistant organisms. Infections caused by resistant strains
may result in longer hospitalization, more difficult treatment,
and more severe illness. In future, efforts must be directed at
preventing nosocomial infections by means of education, surveillance
and control.'
Infectious complications in critically injured children.
J. Pediatr. Surg. 2000 Aug;35(8):1174-8
Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Health Science Center
Jacksonville, 32209-6511, USA.
Summary Quote
'CONCLUSIONS: Infection is a significant source of morbidity
in the critically injured child. Nosocomial infections predominate,
and a majority of these are device related, emphasizing the need
for continued vigilance toward prevention in this high-risk group.'
Managing the cost of care: a predictive study to identify
critical care patients at risk for nosocomial pneumonia.
J. Health Care Finance 2000 Spring;26(3):73-82
Resource Group, Ltd., Dallas, Texas, USA.
Summary Quote
'Nosocomial infections represent a major health problem and
can have a significant impact on the cost of treating a patient.
Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) is the second most common nosocomial
infection in the United States and the leading cause of death
due to a nosocomial infection.'
Nosocomial infections in medical intensive care units in
the United States.
National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance
System.
Crit. Care Med. 1999 May;27(5):887-92
Hospital Infections Program, National Center for Infectious Diseases,
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333,
USA.
Summary Quote
OBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiology of
nosocomial infections in medical intensive care units (ICUs) in
the United States.
Nosocomial infections were analyzed by infection site and pathogen
distribution. Urinary tract infections were most frequent (31%),
followed by pneumonia (27%) and primary bloodstream infections
(19%). Eighty-seven percent of primary bloodstream infections
were associated with central lines, 86% of nosocomial pneumonia
was associated with mechanical ventilation.'
MRSA--what every health care provider should know.
Todays Surg Nurse 1998 Mar-Apr;20(2):20-4
Phoenix Baptist Hospital, AZ, USA.
Summary Quote
Found in both children and adults, MRSA can most often be recognized
by abscess formation. MRSA infection results in an increased rate
of stay and increased costs to facilities, and has been associated
with a higher mortality rate. This isolation of patients, strict
handwashing, environmental cleaning, and the use of barrier protections
are all methods that prevent the spread of MRSA.'
The impact of nosocomial infections on patient outcomes following
cardiac surgery.
Chest 1997 Sep;112(3):666-75
Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care,
Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110,
USA.
Summary Quote
21.7% patients acquired at least one nosocomial infection following
cardiac surgery. 5.0% of the patients died during their hospitalization.
The mortality rate of patients acquiring a nosocomial infection
(11.5%) was significantly greater than the mortality rate of patients
without a nosocomial infection (3.2%.'
Intrahospital infections and quality of medical care. Is it
possible to save in health?
Salud Publica Mex 1991 Jan-Feb;33(1):3-8
Departamento de Infectologia, Instituto Nacional de la Nutricion
Salvador Zubiran.
Summary Quote
The mortality rate associated with intrahospitalary infections,
estimating a five per cent crude mortality, would be 32.1 in one
hundred thousand inhabitants, ranking them in the third place
of the most frequent causes of death in Mexico. The economic consequences
of this complications are enormous.'
Prevalence and risk factors for nosocomial infections in four university hospitals in Switzerland.
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1999 Jan;20(1):37-42 University
Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland.
Summary Quote
OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence and
risk factors for nosocomial infections (NIs) in four Swiss university
hospitals.
Prevalence of NI was higher in critical-care units (25%) than
in medical (9%) and surgical wards (12%).'
Nosocomial infections in Swiss university hospitals: a multi-centre
survey and review of the published experience.
Swiss-Noso Network.
Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1999 Oct 23;129(42):1521-8
University Hospital Geneva.
Summary Quote
This study offers a reliable measure of the prevalence of nosocomial
infections in selected wards at 4 Swiss university hospitals and
confirms the importance of nosocomial infections as a heavy burden
on health services at the end of this century.'
Secondary costs due to nosocomial infections in 2 pediatric
intensive care units.
Salud Publica Mex 1999;41 Suppl 1:S51-8
Unidad de Investigacion en Epidemiologia Hospitalaria, Centro
Medico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social
(IMSS), Mexico.
Summary Quote
OBJECTIVE: We estimated associated costs to nosocomial infections
in two pediatric intensive care units in Mexico City.
MATERIAL AND METHODS: A transversal study in the neonatal (NICU)
and pediatric (PICU) intensive care units, was done. We reviewed
use and cost of diagnostic procedures, medications, and excess
of hospital stay.
RESULTS: There were 102 infections, 46 in the NICU and 56 in the
PICU. The average cost per i nfection was $11,682 USD and the
overall expense was 1,184.71 USD. Infected children had an excess
of hospital stay of 9.6 days, 13.7 more laboratory tests and 3.3
more cultures. Hospital stay represented 97% of the overall cost.'
Surveillance of nosocomial infections in a cardiology hospital.
Salud Publica Mex 1999;41 Suppl 1:S26-31
Hospital de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares y del Torax No. 34,
IMSS, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico.
Summary Quote
OBJECTIVE: To describe a nosocomial infection surveillance
in a cardiology and thoracic diseases hospital in Northern Mexico
during its initial months of activity.'
The costs of hospital infections in a group of patients in
a tertiary-care hospital.
Gac Med Mex 1999 Sep-Oct;135(5):457-62
Hospital de Pediatria, Centro Medico Nacional CMN Siglo XXI, IMSS.
Summary Quote
OBJECTIVE: To know the cost generated by nosocomial infections,
to establish the proportion of the total hospital budget used
in extra-days of stay, drugs, laboratory and others items used
for the treatment.
Total cost in 3 months was $3'516,421.00, nosocomial infections
would take $14'065,684.00 in a year, involving 12.1% of the hospital
total budget. Preventive measures must be taken trying to diminish
these costs.'
Prevalence of nosocomial infections in a university hospital:
distribution, predisposing factors and diagnostic indices.
Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1998 Dec 12;128(50):1973-83
Unite de prevention et controle de l'infection des Hopitaux Universitaires
de Geneve.
Summary Quote
Nosocomial infections are a major challenge for modern medicine
and contribute to increased resource use in health care systems.'
Nosocomial infection in Auckland Healthcare hospitals.
N Z Med J 1997 Aug 22;110(1050):314-6 Auckland Hospital.
Summary Quote
Nosocomial infections cause patient morbidity and prolong hospital
stay.
One hundred and ten (12%) of 932 patients had 129 nosocomial infections.
The highest prevalence was in intensive care unit patients, 7
of 31 (23%).
Our results are comparable with hospitals of similar size overseas.'
Prevalence of nosocomial infections in general hospitals
in Belo Horizonte.
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1998 Nov;19(11):872-6
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
Summary Quote
Of the 2,339 patients surveyed, 267 patients had 328 nosocomial
infections.
The global prevalence rate of NI was 14.0%, ranging from 4.6%
to 27.3% in the hospitals surveyed. The most prevalent infections
were found to be pneumonia and surgical-wound infections, representing
19.5% and 19.2%, respectively, of the total infections. The highest
prevalence rates of NI were observed in the cardiac surgery (31.9%),
pediatric (27.2%), and orthopedic (20.7%) services.'
Nosocomial infections in a rural regional hospital in a developing
country: infection rates by site, service, cost, and infection
control practices.
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1998 Feb;19(2):136-40
Faculty of Medical Services, the Department of Pathology and Microbiology,
University of the West Indies, St Augustine, Republic of Trinidad
and Tobago.
Summary Quote
RESULTS: Over the 4-year period, 7,158
nosocomial infections were identified from 72,532 patients (10.0/100
admissions). High nosocomial infection rates were found on the
intensive-care unit (67/100 admissions), urology (30/100 admissions),
neurosurgery (29.5/100 admissions), and newborn nursery (28.4/100
admissions).
The cost to the government for nosocomial infections was estimated
at US $697,000 annually.'
Economic analysis of nosocomial infections in a Turkish university hospital.
J Chemother 1997 Dec;9(6):411-4
Pamukkale University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Infectious
Diseases, Denizli, Turkey.
Summary Quote
Nosocomial infections constitute an important health problem
with morbidity, and high mortality, prolongation of hospital stay,
and increased costs of direct patient care.
Mortality rates were 19.6% for patients with nosocomial infections
and 2.9% for uninfected controls.
We conclude that the high economic expense which nosocomial infection
represents justifies measures to control this entity.'
Prevalence of nosocomial respiratory tract infections in the surgical intensive care units of a medical center.
Chung Hua I Hsueh Tsa Chih (Taipei) 1998 Oct;61(10):589-95
Department of Medicine, Veterans General Hospital-Taipei, Taiwan,
ROC.
Summary Quote
The intensive care unit (ICU) is one of the
most common locations in the hospital for the development of nosocomial
infections.'
Prevalence of nosocomial infections in children: survey of
21 hospitals in Mexico.
Salud Publica Mex 1999;41 Suppl 1:S18-25
Hospital Infantil de Mexico Federico Gomez, Departamento de Epidemiologia,
Mexico, D.F.
Summary Quote
The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of
nosocomial infections, associated risk factors, microbiology,
use of antibiotics, and associated mortality among hospitalized
children.
The prevalence of nosocomial acquired infection was 9.8%. The
more prevalent infections were pneumonia (25%), sepsis/bacteremia
(19%), and urinary tract infection (5%).
The overall mortality was 4.8%; however, patients with nosocomial
infection had two times greater risk to die as compared to non-infected
children.
Bacteremia/sepsis and pneumonia are the two nosocomial infections
characterized by high prevalence and mortality.'
Prevalence of nosocomial infections in Udornthanee Hospital
1990.
J Med Assoc Thai 1995 Jul;78 Suppl 1:S50-2
Udorthanee Hospital, Thailand.
Summary Quote
The intensive care unit had the highest infection rate of 23.1%
followed by paediatrics (18.2%).'
Nosocomial infections at the University Hospital of Caracas.
Rev Argent Microbiol 1989 Jan-Mar;21(1):25-30
Subcomision de Vigilancia Epidemiologica de las Infecciones Hospitalarias,
Hospital Universitario de Caracas.
Summary Quote
Over a period of one year at the University Hospital of Caracas,
a program of epidemiological surveillance was carried out on nosocomial
infections.
The Intensive Care Unit, the Neonatal Pediatric Service and the
three Medicine Services recorded more than 50% of the cases.'
Nosocomial infections in an oncology intensive care unit.
Am J Infect Control 1997 Dec;25(6):458-62
Infectious Disease Service and Hospital Infection Control Committee,
National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Summary Quote
Treatment of cancer has contributed to a growing number of
immunocompromised patients with life-threatening nosocomial infections
(NI).
High mortality with considerable cost is observed when they are
admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU).'
